And you, son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say: Thus says the Lord Hashem: Behold, I am against you, O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal;
verse value 3531
Insights
Verse structure: 16 words, 61 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִ֑ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "thus" (כֹּ֥ה, 2 letters) and the longest is "son·of·man" (בֶן־אָדָם֙, 5 letters). 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "against·Gog" (עַל־גּ֔וֹג). The root גוג appears 2 times in this verse. 14 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "and·you·shall·say" (root אמר, 362x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'Hashem', dividing the verse into phrases of 9 and 7 words.
Metzudat David
"Behold, I am against you." "Behold, I will turn against you, you Gog, etc.":
Malbim
"And you, son of man": Because in the previous prophecy the prophets had already prophesied about him beforehand (as it is stated, "Are you not He who spoke in days of old?"), He says, "And you, son of man," meaning: I have appointed for you a specific prophecy, unique in that the prophets did not prophesy it. You shall say, "Behold, I am against you, Gog," prophesying that after his defeat, he will strengthen himself a second time and gather his armies again against Jerusalem. This is what it states (verse 2): "And I will bring you up from the remoteness of the north," meaning that you will ascend a second time upon the mountains of Israel for war. Now, in the first instance, it says, "And it shall come to pass on the day that Gog comes against the land of Israel," indicating that his defeat will be immediate upon his entering their borders and upon their land. But in the second instance, he will reach the mountains of Israel and besiege Jerusalem, and then "I will strike him." At that time, the Lord will fight against him until he is unable to shoot with bow and arrows, as it is stated (Zechariah 18): "And the Lord will go forth and fight against those nations." Then, "upon the mountains of Israel he will fall," and he will become food for birds and beasts. Afterwards, "upon the face of the field he will fall," meaning that when they descend from the mountains, the plague will be among them, which the Lord will inflict upon those who besiege Jerusalem (as it is stated in Zechariah 14:12): "And they will fall upon the face of the field."
and I will turn you about and lead you on, and will cause you to come up from the uttermost parts of the north; and I will bring you upon the mountains of Israel;
verse value 4530
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 49 letters. The shortest word is "north" (צָפ֑וֹן, 4 letters) and the longest is "and·I·will·bring·you·up" (וְהַעֲלִיתִ֖יךָ, 8 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·I·will·turn·you·about" (וְשֹׁבַבְתִּ֙יךָ֙), "and·I·will·lead·you" (וְשִׁשֵּׁאתִ֔יךָ), "and·I·will·bring·you" (וַהֲבִאוֹתִ֖ךָ). 8 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "upon·mountains·of" (root על, 272x in Ezekiel); "and·I·will·bring·you" (root בוא, 175x in Ezekiel); "Israel" (root ישראל, 154x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'north', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 3 words. Full calculation: וְשֹׁבַבְתִּ֙יךָ֙ [and·I·will·turn·you·about] (740) + וְשִׁשֵּׁאתִ֔יךָ [and·I·will·lead·you] (1037) + וְהַעֲלִיתִ֖יךָ [and·I·will·bring·you·up] (551) + מִיַּרְכְּתֵ֣י [from·rear·of] (680) + צָפ֑וֹן [north] (226) + וַהֲבִאוֹתִ֖ךָ [and·I·will·bring·you] (440) + עַל־הָרֵ֥י [upon·mountains·of] (315) + יִשְׂרָאֵֽל [Israel] (541) = 4530.
Rashi
"And I will lift you up." This is similar to "And I will lift you up above my people," as in "the enemy shall not deceive him" (Psalms 89:23).
Radak
“And I will restore you, and I will diminish you.” We explained “And I will restore you,” and they explained “And I will diminish you” as being from the root of “six,” meaning that no more than a sixth of the camp will remain among them. And there are those who explain it according to its context as “I will cut you off” or “I will destroy you.” And my master and father, of blessed memory, explained it as “I will scourge you with six scourges,” as it says, “And I will judge Him with word and with blood, and with hailstones, with torrential rain, with fire, and with brimstone,” and these are six. And Jonathan translated it as “And I will cast you down, and I will subdue you.”
Metzudat David
"And I will bring you back." I will rouse your heart to be rebellious and defiant, and I will incite you, and bring you up from your place, from the north.
Metzudat Zion
"And I will make you rebellious." The matter concerns rebellion and walking in the ways of the heart.
"And I will entice you." The matter of incitement and seduction, like [the serpent's words] "He deceived me" (Genesis 3:13):
and I will smite your bow out of your left hand, and will cause your arrows to fall out of your right hand.
verse value 2161
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 36 letters. The shortest word is "from·hand·of" (מִיַּ֣ד, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·I·will·strike" (וְהִכֵּיתִ֥י, 6 letters). Words sharing gematria 54: from·hand·of, from·hand·of. 5 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·I·will·strike" (וְהִכֵּיתִ֥י), "your·bow" (קַשְׁתְּךָ֖), "your·left" (שְׂמֹאולֶ֑ךָ). The root יד appears 2 times in this verse. 7 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "from·hand·of" (root יד, 75x in Ezekiel); "I·will·cause·to·fall" (root נפל, 58x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'your·left', dividing the verse into phrases of 4 and 4 words. Full calculation: וְהִכֵּיתִ֥י [and·I·will·strike] (451) + קַשְׁתְּךָ֖ [your·bow] (820) + מִיַּ֣ד [from·hand·of] (54) + שְׂמֹאולֶ֑ךָ [your·left] (397) + וְחִצֶּ֕יךָ [and·your·arrows] (134) + מִיַּ֥ד [from·hand·of] (54) + יְמִינְךָ֖ [your·right·hand] (130) + אַפִּֽיל [I·will·cause·to·fall] (121) = 2161.
Radak
"And I will break your bow." I will strike it until I cause it to fall from your left hand, for a person holds the bow in his left hand, places the arrows upon it with his right hand, and draws the string of the bow with his right hand. The meaning of this is to say that his weapons of war will not be effective for him, and they will be as if they do not exist.
Metzudat David
"And I will strike." I will strike your bow, so that it will fall from your left hand, for it is with the left hand that one holds the bow; and the meaning is that you will not succeed with weapons of war.
You shall fall upon the mountains of Israel, you, and all your bands, and the peoples that are with you; I will give you to the ravenous birds of every sort and to the beasts of the field, to be devoured.
verse value 5435
Insights
Verse structure: 15 words, 67 letters. Notable word values: "for·food" (לְאׇכְלָֽה) = 86, equal to Elohim. The shortest word is "you" (אַתָּה֙, 3 letters) and the longest is "all·wing" (וְכׇל־אֲגַפֶּ֔יךָ, 8 letters). 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "to·bird·of·prey·of" (לְעֵ֨יט). 15 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "that" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "upon·mountains·of" (root על, 272x in Ezekiel); "I·have·made·you" (root נתן, 207x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'with·you', dividing the verse into phrases of 8 and 7 words.
Radak
"Upon the mountains, to the vulture, to the bird, every winged creature." This construct chain is like the construct chain in "the earth of dust, clay, the potter."
“Every winged creature.” The interpretation is: all winged beings, which include all birds. The phrase “every winged creature” is stated three times in order to emphasize the matter, so that all birds—both those that are scavengers and those that are not—come to eat the flesh of the slain.
Metzudat David
To the birds of prey and to the beasts of the field I will give you for food.
Metzudat Zion
Your wings. Host of the armies of the people:
Regarding "eagle": Thus, a bird of prey is called an "eagle," and likewise, "eagles of the mountains" (Isaiah 18:6). And to add further clarification, He said "bird," meaning every winged creature; that is to say, every creature that has wings.
You shall fall upon the open field; for I have spoken it, says the Lord Hashem.
verse value 1959
Insights
Verse structure: 9 words, 34 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִֽה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "for" (כִּ֚י, 2 letters) and the longest is "upon·face·of" (עַל־פְּנֵ֥י, 5 letters). 9 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel); "I" (root אני, 166x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'you·shall·fall', dividing the verse into phrases of 3 and 6 words. Full calculation: עַל־פְּנֵ֥י [upon·face·of] (240) + הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה [field] (314) + תִּפּ֑וֹל [you·shall·fall] (516) + כִּ֚י [for] (30) + אֲנִ֣י [I] (61) + דִבַּ֔רְתִּי [I·have·spoken] (616) + נְאֻ֖ם [utterance] (91) + אֲדֹנָ֥י [my·lord] (65) + יֱהֹוִֽה [Hashem] (26) = 1959.
Radak
"On the face of the field." Whether they are on the mountains or whether they are on the face of the field, they will all fall by the sword and by the remaining judgments.
Metzudat David
“Upon the face of the field it shall fall.” In the place of battle:
"For I have spoken." And similarly, "It shall stand:"
And I will send a fire on Magog, and on them that dwell safely in the isles; and they shall know that I am Hashem.
verse value 1767
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 42 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָֽה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "to·safety" (לָבֶ֑טַח, 4 letters) and the longest is "and·I·will·send·fire" (וְשִׁלַּחְתִּי־אֵ֣שׁ, 8 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·I·will·send·fire" (וְשִׁלַּחְתִּי־אֵ֣שׁ), "on·Magog" (בְּמָג֔וֹג), "and·dwelling" (וּבְיֹשְׁבֵ֥י). 8 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "that·I" (root אני, 166x in Ezekiel); "and·they·shall·know" (root ידע, 99x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'to·safety', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 3 words. Full calculation: וְשִׁלַּחְתִּי־אֵ֣שׁ [and·I·will·send·fire] (1055) + בְּמָג֔וֹג [on·Magog] (54) + וּבְיֹשְׁבֵ֥י [and·dwelling] (330) + הָאִיִּ֖ים [the·isles] (66) + לָבֶ֑טַח [to·safety] (49) + וְיָדְע֖וּ [and·they·shall·know] (96) + כִּי־אֲנִ֥י [that·I] (91) + יְהֹוָֽה [Hashem] (26) = 1767.
Radak
“And I will send fire upon Magog” – it will consume them like fire that consumes, or it is to be understood literally, as it is said: “I will rain upon him fire and brimstone.”
Metzudat David
“And with the inhabitants of the isles, to be secure.” These are those who come with Gog, who dwelt securely in their lands, on the isles.
"For I am the Lord." The Faithful One in My words:
Malbim
“And I will send thereafter the pestilence and the destruction, both upon his land and upon the inhabitants of the islands that are separated from men, who dwell in security; and then they too shall know that I am the Lord.”
And My holy name will I make known in the midst of My people Israel; neither will I suffer My holy name to be profaned any more; and the nations shall know that I am Hashem, the Holy One in Israel.
verse value 4882
Insights
Verse structure: 15 words, 72 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֔ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "my·people" (עַמִּ֣י, 3 letters) and the longest is "name·of·my·holiness" (אֶת־שֵׁם־קׇדְשִׁ֖י, 8 letters). Words sharing gematria 91: I·will·make·known, that·I. 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "I·will·make·known" (אוֹדִ֗יעַ), "and·I·will·not·profane" (וְלֹא־אַחֵ֥ל), "name·of·my·holiness" (אֶת־שֵׁם־קׇדְשִׁ֖י). The root קדש appears 2 times in this verse. 12 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "that·I" (root אני, 166x in Ezekiel); "Israel" (root ישראל, 154x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'again', dividing the verse into phrases of 9 and 6 words.
Rashi
"And I will not profane My holy name." The lowliness of Israel constitutes a desecration of His Name, in that it is said of them (above, 30), "these are the people of the Lord," and yet be unable to save them.
Radak
“And the Name,” [referring to the verse] “I will no longer profane My holy Name.” For when the exile is prolonged, His Name is profaned among the nations, as if He, blessed be He, were profaning His own Name.
Metzudat David
"I will make My holy name known among My people Israel:"
"And I will not profane." This means: I will no longer allow My Name to be profaned.
"For I am the Lord, sanctified in Israel." That is, I am the Holy One who dwells among Israel.
Metzudat Zion
Achal. From the word "hollow":
Malbim
"And I will make My holy name known," meaning that then I will make it known to Israel that I am guiding them by the way of holiness, which is elevation and transcendence from the natural order. And I will no longer allow My holy name to be profaned by their saying [it happened] for want of power, until all the nations know that I, the Lord, am holy in Israel, and that I guide them with a providential, miraculous guidance.
Behold, it comes, and it shall be done, says the Lord Hashem; This is the day whereof I have spoken.
verse value 1916
Insights
Verse structure: 10 words, 38 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִ֑ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "they" (הִנֵּ֤ה, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·it·will·come·to·pass" (וְנִֽהְיָ֔תָה, 6 letters). 10 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "which" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "and·it·will·come·to·pass" (root היה, 335x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'Hashem', dividing the verse into phrases of 6 and 4 words. Full calculation: הִנֵּ֤ה [they] (60) + בָאָה֙ [going·in] (8) + וְנִֽהְיָ֔תָה [and·it·will·come·to·pass] (476) + נְאֻ֖ם [utterance] (91) + אֲדֹנָ֣י [my·lord] (65) + יֱהֹוִ֑ה [Hashem] (26) + ה֥וּא [it] (12) + הַיּ֖וֹם [day] (61) + אֲשֶׁ֥ר [which] (501) + דִּבַּֽרְתִּי [I·have·spoken] (616) = 1916.
Radak
"Behold, it has come and become." The time of salvation has come; it is the day of which I spoke.
Metzudat David
Behold. Now has the time come, and salvation has been brought about; this is the day of which I spoke and in which I promised salvation.
Malbim
"Behold, it comes": because this day is designated as sealed and closed, and the Lord has not revealed it to any prophet or seer, nor does the heart reveal it to the mouth; and it is not yet in actual existence in the realm of vision in actuality. Only when the matter arrives and it becomes "the day of which I spoke," then it will come into the actuality of speech, and then it will be impressed in actuality.
And they that dwell in the cities of Israel shall go forth, and shall make fires of the weapons and use them as fuel, both the shields and the bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the hand-staves, and the spears, and they shall make fires of them seven years;
verse value 5479
Insights
Verse structure: 19 words, 79 letters. The shortest word is "hand" (יָ֖ד, 2 letters) and the longest is "and·they·will·kindle" (וְ֠הִשִּׂ֠יקוּ, 6 letters). Words sharing gematria 284: and·they·will·burn, and·they·will·burn. 7 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "cities·of" (עָרֵ֣י), "and·they·will·kindle" (וְ֠הִשִּׂ֠יקוּ), "and·shield" (וְצִנָּה֙). The root בער appears 2 times in this verse. 17 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "with·them" (root הם, 166x in Ezekiel); "Israel" (root ישראל, 154x in Ezekiel); "and·they·will·go·out" (root יצא, 75x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'and·in·spear', dividing the verse into phrases of 14 and 5 words.
Rashi
And they will heat it. Like an oven that they heated, in the language of the Mishnah:
"With weapons." "Anar Moras" in the vernacular [Old French]:
Radak
“And they went out, and they kindled, and they set fire.” The matter is repeated in different words:
Metzudat David
“With weapons, etc.” – This means: with the handles of those vessels, which are made of wood.
And with a staff of the hand. This is a long stake, and at its head is an iron point like a needle, and with it they kill people by throwing it.
"Seven years." "For they will be exceedingly numerous:"
Metzudat Zion
"And they shall burn them and kindle them." The language is that of burning and kindling, and the matter is repeated in what is stated:
"בנשק" – weapons, i.e., arms, as in "the weapons of the house of the forest" (ibid. 22).
And with a spear. A spear:
Malbim
And the inhabitants of the cities of Israel went out; they had not gone out until now for war, but they went out for the spoil. And then they would take the weapons of war to burn them with fire, for they would no longer need weapons of war, since the Lord fought for them. And they would not be able to use them except to kindle fires with their wood, and they burned and they heated. Whether what they burned to warm themselves, or what they heated the ovens with for baking, it would be with weapons, shields, and bucklers, etc., until all types of weapons of war were abolished at that time (as it is stated, Isaiah 2:4, "Nation shall not lift up sword against nation," and "they shall beat their swords into plowshares). And they would be so numerous that they would suffice to burn with them for seven years, even though they would not carry wood from the field, as is the custom in a place where there is no forest, that they gather cut thorn branches scattered in the field. And even in a place where there are forests and wood is available, they would not cut from the forests, for the gathering of the weapons of war would be easier due to their great multitude. And do not say, "Is it not easier for them to cut from the forests near them?" I say, "And they shall plunder those who plundered them." Since, in any case, they would go out there to plunder and to loot, they would take with them also the weapons of war remaining in the spoil, and from the iron on them they would make utensils, and the wood they would burn.
so that they shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut down any out of the forests, for they shall make fires of the weapons; and they shall spoil those that spoiled them, and rob those that robbed them, says the Lord Hashem.
verse value 4406
Insights
Verse structure: 16 words, 83 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִֽה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "for" (כִּ֥י, 2 letters) and the longest is "from·the·forests" (מִן־הַיְּעָרִ֔ים, 8 letters). 7 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "tree" (עֵצִ֜ים), "from·the·field" (מִן־הַשָּׂדֶ֗ה), "they·will·cut" (יַחְטְבוּ֙). The root שלל appears 2 times in this verse. 14 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel); "and·not" (root לא, 213x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'shall·kindle·fire', dividing the verse into phrases of 9 and 7 words.
Radak
“And they shall not carry.” They will not need to, for the weapons will suffice.
"And they shall not cut." From the kal [conjugation].
Metzudat David
“Those who plundered them.” This refers to the gentiles who plundered them during the days of the exile.
Metzudat Zion
They shall take. The matter of taking:
"Yichatev." The meaning of "keritah" (cutting off) and "chatuch" (cut) is like "mechutav etzecha" (the hewer of your wood) (Deuteronomy 29:10).
And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will give to Gog a place fit for burial in Israel, the valley of them that pass through on the east of the sea; and it shall stop them that pass through; and there shall they bury Gog and all his multitude; and they shall call it the valley of Hamon-gog.
verse value 6232
Insights
Verse structure: 23 words, 102 letters. Notable word values: "and·it·shall·be" (וְהָיָ֣ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "valley" (גֵּ֤י, 2 letters) and the longest is "and·all·his·multitude" (וְאֶת־כׇּל־הֲמוֹנֹ֔ה, 10 letters). 8 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "standing place·there" (מְקֽוֹם־שָׁ֨ם), "grave" (קֶ֜בֶר), "valley" (גֵּ֤י). The root גוג appears 3 times in this verse. 17 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "and·it·shall·be" (root היה, 335x in Ezekiel); "I·will·give" (root נתן, 207x in Ezekiel); "in·Israel" (root ישראל, 154x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'those·who·pass·through', dividing the verse into phrases of 15 and 8 words.
Rashi
"I will give Gog a place, there, a grave." A place where there will be a grave for them, because he is from the seed of Japheth, who covered his father's nakedness; therefore, he merited burial.
Valley of the passersby. That is, they cross the Sea of Kinneret to bring from there the fruits of Ginosar, always.
"East of the sea." The Targum: "At the east of the Sea of Gennesaret."
And it obstructs the passersby. And it blocks the passersby, just as it is stated, “You shall not block” (Deuteronomy 25:4), for the majority of corpses that fall there will prevent the passersby from passing; therefore, they will pass over them and bury them. And Menachem interpreted in his book: “They will block their noses from smelling the odor of the corpses.”
Radak
"And it shall be, a place there for a grave." Just as [the verse says], "Turn the place of the grave there," so too, "every evil enemy in holiness" is like "every evil enemy in holiness"; likewise, "Fire must consume them" is like "Fire must consume them"; "All iniquity you shall bear" is like "All iniquity you shall bear"; and there are many similar cases, as we have written in the book *Mikhlal* in the section of grammar. And Jonathan [ben Uzziel] translated it as "a place suitable for a house of burial." And in the midrashic interpretation: Because Shem and Japheth covered the nakedness of their father, Shem merited the fringes on the tallit, and Japheth merited burial in the Land of Israel. And according to the plain meaning, behold, it is written, "To purify the land."
“Valley of those who pass by.” In that very valley through which people pass over it:
"Before the sea." To the east of the sea. It does not specify which sea. Now, there were in the Land of Israel an eastern sea and a western sea. And the Targum translates: "In the direction of the sea of Gennesaret," which is the Sea of Kinneret.
"And she shall set a partition for the passersby." "Hasmat" is a transitive verb, meaning that on account of the stench of the slain, those passing by the road there will block and cover their faces from the bad odor. And Jonathan’s Targum translates: "And it shall be a support for the two mountains."
The word "ha-moneh." The letter he in it takes the place of a vav, like the word "ohele" and its like:
Valley of those who pass. With a yod alone:
“Valley of the multitude of Gog.” Spelled with a yod and an alef:
Metzudat David
"I will give to Gog." This means: to his men.
“Place there a grave.” This is like reversing the order to “place a grave there,” just as in “All the wicked, O enemy, in the holy place” (Psalms 74:3), whose proper order is “All the enemy, the wicked, in the holy place.” And the meaning is: I will give them a place for a grave there, among Israel, in their land.
“Gai HaOvrim.” In the valley through which they pass toward the front of the sea, to the east of the sea.
And it will block those who pass through. The downfall of the majority of the corpses will clog and close off those who pass through there, for they will not find there any open space to pass through anymore, and that valley will be forgotten from the feet of human beings. Therefore, Gog and the multitude of his people will be buried there.
And it shall be called. The name of the valley shall be called the Valley of the Multitude of Gog; that is to say, in this valley the multitude of Gog shall be buried.
Metzudat Zion
"Gai." Valley:
"Vachosmet." The meaning is blocking and closing, just as it says, "You shall not muzzle" (Deuteronomy 25:4):
Malbim
“And it shall come to pass on that day” – behold, [Ezekiel] prophesied concerning Gog as Daniel did: "and he shall pitch the tents of his pavilion between the seas, at the beautiful holy mountain, and he shall come to his end." He will pitch a general camp between the sea and Mount Zion. This explains that in that place he will find a burial site for the entirety of his camp. Since he pitches his pavilion tents east of the sea, there is found a valley between two mountains, such that those passing east of the sea will be delayed there from traveling in a straight path because of this valley, for it blocks and prevents the passersby. And there they will fall by the hand of the Lord upon their return to their tents by the sea, and there they will be buried. It explains: Do not say that they themselves will bury their slain, for they will all fall and there will be no one among them to bury them. Rather, the House of Israel will bury them, in order to purify the land from the filth, the stench, and the impurity, and this will continue for seven months.
And seven months shall the house of Israel be burying them, that they may cleanse the land.
verse value 3147
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 36 letters. The shortest word is "house·of" (בֵּ֣ית, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·they·will·bury·them" (וּקְבָרוּם֙, 6 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·they·will·bury·them" (וּקְבָרוּם֙), "to·cleanse" (טַהֵ֣ר), "months" (חֳדָשִֽׁים). 8 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "the·land" (root ארץ, 176x in Ezekiel); "house·of" (root בית, 159x in Ezekiel); "Israel" (root ישראל, 154x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'the·land', dividing the verse into phrases of 6 and 2 words. Full calculation: וּקְבָרוּם֙ [and·they·will·bury·them] (354) + בֵּ֣ית [house·of] (412) + יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל [Israel] (541) + לְמַ֖עַן [for·the·sake·of] (190) + טַהֵ֣ר [to·cleanse] (214) + אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ [the·land] (697) + שִׁבְעָ֖ה [seven] (377) + חֳדָשִֽׁים [months] (362) = 3147.
Radak
And they buried them. God, blessed be He, commanded that those who are hanged among Israel be buried, and He said, “You shall not defile your land, for the corpse that is not buried is a source of impurity for the land.” Likewise, Joshua commanded that this be done for the five kings. And likewise, Israel will bury the multitude of Gog, in order to purify the land.
“Seven months.” Seven months they shall occupy themselves with the land in their burial:
Metzudat David
"For the purpose of purification." This means that they should not be buried for the sake of their honor, but rather in order to purify the land, and they will occupy themselves with their burial for seven months, because there will be many of them.
Indeed, all the people of the land shall bury them, and it shall be to them a renown; in the day that I shall be glorified, says the Lord Hashem.
verse value 1520
Insights
Verse structure: 11 words, 42 letters. Notable word values: "and·it·shall·be" (וְהָיָ֥ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "to·them" (לָהֶ֖ם, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·they·will·bury" (וְקָֽבְרוּ֙, 5 letters). Words sharing gematria 26: and·it·shall·be, Hashem. 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "I·will·be·glorified" (הִכָּ֣בְדִ֔י). 11 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "and·it·shall·be" (root היה, 335x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'to·name', dividing the verse into phrases of 6 and 5 words. Full calculation: וְקָֽבְרוּ֙ [and·they·will·bury] (314) + כׇּל־עַ֣ם [all·nation] (160) + הָאָ֔רֶץ [the·land] (296) + וְהָיָ֥ה [and·it·shall·be] (26) + לָהֶ֖ם [to·them] (75) + לְשֵׁ֑ם [to·name] (370) + י֚וֹם [day] (56) + הִכָּ֣בְדִ֔י [I·will·be·glorified] (41) + נְאֻ֖ם [utterance] (91) + אֲדֹנָ֥י [my·lord] (65) + יֱהֹוִֽה [Hashem] (26) = 1520.
Rashi
“And they buried all the people of the land.” This means that they died there.
“And it shall be for them a name.” All the nations of the world will recount their name for praise and for kindness. There is no nation like this one that is merciful; there is a person who buries his enemy who had risen against him to kill him.
Radak
And they buried them, and it became for them a name. For the nations of the world will remember them for the good on account of this, and will say: “See how good this nation is, that they buried their enemies who came against them,” even though their intention was not for this purpose, but rather in order to purify the land.
Metzudat David
All of the common people: they all shall engage in their burial.
“And it shall be for them a name.” Just as all were occupied with their burial for seven months, so too shall it be proclaimed throughout the world, and it shall be reckoned to them as a great honor that such a vast multitude was slain on their account.
The day of My being glorified. On this day, it shall be for Me a day of honor, in recompense for the great multitude that I have lost, to take My vengeance.
Malbim
“And they buried them.” Behold, the proper way is for the people to be cautious regarding the burial of the dead during a plague, particularly concerning those who lay for many days without burial, emitting foulness and contagion, which may adhere to the buriers. Rather, they should appoint specific individuals for this task, and the people should keep their distance from the buriers, lest the contagion adhere to them. But then, the entire populace should bury them, and this will be a renown for them, from which all will see that they are guarded by God and do not fear contagion or plague, as it is written: “You shall not fear the terror of the night, nor the pestilence that walks in darkness” (Psalm 91:5). And this will be the day of My being glorified, in which the glory of the Lord and His particular providence over Israel, and His guarding them from every harm, will be manifest, as it is written: “The Lord shall keep you from all evil” (Psalm 121:7).
And they shall set apart men of continual employment, that shall pass through the land to bury with them that pass through those that remain upon the face of the land, to cleanse it; after the end of seven months shall they search.
verse value 5813
Insights
Verse structure: 14 words, 79 letters. The shortest word is "continually" (תָמִ֤יד, 4 letters) and the longest is "those·who·remain" (אֶת־הַנּוֹתָרִ֛ים, 9 letters). 8 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·men·of" (וְאַנְשֵׁ֨י), "shall·set·apart" (יַבְדִּ֙ילוּ֙), "passing·through" (עֹבְרִ֣ים). The root ארץ appears 2 times in this verse. 13 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "in·the·land" (root ארץ, 176x in Ezekiel); "upon·face·of" (root פנים, 150x in Ezekiel); "and·men·of" (root איש, 84x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'to·cleanse·it', dividing the verse into phrases of 11 and 3 words. Full calculation: וְאַנְשֵׁ֨י [and·men·of] (367) + תָמִ֤יד [continually] (454) + יַבְדִּ֙ילוּ֙ [shall·set·apart] (62) + עֹבְרִ֣ים [passing·through] (322) + בָּאָ֔רֶץ [in·the·land] (293) + מְקַבְּרִ֣ים [were·burying] (392) + אֶת־הָעֹבְרִ֗ים [those·who·pass·through] (728) + אֶת־הַנּוֹתָרִ֛ים [those·who·remain] (1112) + עַל־פְּנֵ֥י [upon·face·of] (240) + הָאָ֖רֶץ [the·land] (296) + לְטַהֲרָ֑הּ [to·cleanse·it] (249) + מִקְצֵ֥ה [from·end·of] (235) + שִׁבְעָה־חֳדָשִׁ֖ים [seven·the·new·moon] (739) + יַחְקֹֽרוּ [they·will·search] (324) = 5813.
Rashi
"And the men of the constant [service]." These are men who are steadfast in this matter, and Israel shall set them apart in order to traverse the land and gather the scattered ones.
They bury the travelers. They bury the corpses that block and hinder the passage together with the travelers; the travelers who cross the sea bury them for their own benefit. “The travelers” [are buried] with the travelers—this is what I heard, and so does the Targum.
"Those remaining on the face of the land." [This refers to those] far from the crossing, for those who cross the sea do not occupy themselves with burying them; rather, those who are stationed there and set apart for this purpose shall bury them.
"At the end of seven months." The majority of corpses visible to the eye will have been buried, and from then on they will search the land in places where bodies are hidden among thorns and among the thistles, and they would bury whatever they find.
Radak
“And the men of the perpetual task shall set them apart.” Israel shall set apart men who will constantly traverse the land to investigate corpses, in order to bury them.
"Those who pass by." Just as it says, "with those who pass by," for the men who remain will say to those passing by on the road, concerning them, wherever they may be, that they should assist them in burying the survivors in the land, those who were not slain in the valley, for most of them were slain there.
"They shall investigate." They shall complete the investigation:
Metzudat David
"And they shall set apart men for constant duty." After all the people have been occupied with the burial of the dead for seven months, they shall separate other men to be constantly traveling through the land to search for the slain, in order to bury them together with the travelers, and with their assistance to purify the corpses remaining scattered across the land. For the travelers marked and indicated what they found along their path, as it is stated in the Scripture that follows: "And the men who were separated searched according to the signs of the slain to bury them."
Mikatsa. From the end of seven months, they will begin to investigate and search for the dead, because during the course of seven months they will bury those who are visible to all.
Metzudat Zion
They shall separate. The matter is separation:
"Those who pass over." With those who pass over:
From the edge. From the end:
They shall search. The matter is one of searching and inquiring:
Malbim
And the men of the perpetual task, and besides this, that all the people will be engaged in burying the fallen near the valley where the battle took place, they will set aside men who will be constantly engaged in traversing the land to bury those who passed away and were left on the face of the land. These are from the soldiers who wandered and passed through the land, died of the plague, and fell in one of the places; they will bury them there in their place, in order to purify the land. And this will last for seven months, because after seven months the flesh will already have decomposed, and also the beasts and birds will have eaten the flesh of the slain until this time. From then on, they will not bury the bones in the place where they find them; rather, from the end of seven months, they will investigate and inquire if bones are found in any place, to mark them.
And when they that pass through shall pass through the land, and any sees a man’s bone, then shall he set up a sign by it, till the buriers have buried it in the valley of Hamon-gog.
verse value 3051
Insights
Verse structure: 16 words, 65 letters. The shortest word is "until" (עַ֣ד, 2 letters) and the longest is "the·buriers" (הַֽמְקַבְּרִ֔ים, 7 letters). Words sharing gematria 45: man, to·valley. 7 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·shall·pass·through" (וְעָבְר֤וּ), "and·built" (וּבָנָ֥ה), "beside·it" (אֶצְל֖וֹ). The root עבר appears 2 times in this verse. 14 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "to·valley" (root איל, 238x in Ezekiel); "in·the·land" (root ארץ, 176x in Ezekiel); "and·he·shall·see" (root ראה, 74x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'sign', dividing the verse into phrases of 9 and 7 words.
Rashi
“And those who pass through the land shall pass through.” These are travelers who see a human bone:
“And he built beside it a marker.” This is a sign that there is here a corpse, so that travelers and those preparing ritual purity should distance themselves from it until the men of the Tamid, who are set apart, come to investigate and bury them.
Radak
“And those who pass through shall pass through.” It does not refer to the permanent residents, but rather to those who pass through, who will traverse the land. When they see even a human bone, they will build a marker for it from stones until the permanent residents, who are responsible for burial, pass by. For perhaps, in the meantime, before the buriers pass by, the bone will be covered with earth or with something else, and they will not see it. And when they see the marker, they will know that there is a human bone there, and they will take it from there and bury it in the Valley of Hamon Gog, for all of them shall bring them there, and there they will bury them, so that the land will not be filled with them. Rather, they will be separated out and buried in one place, and they will serve as a remembrance for future generations of what God, blessed be He, did through it. And the marker will be made of a single stone or of stones gathered together.
"El gay" (to the valley): Just as it is written "be-gay" (in the valley), and similarly, "el ha'aron" (to the ark) in the phrase "to the ark you shall place the testimony," just as it is written "be-aron" (in the ark).
Metzudat David
"And they shall pass through." And when the people who are passing through the land in the way of their journeying shall pass through:
And behold: if any of them sees a bone from a human being, he will build near it something to serve as a marker and a sign, so that the set-apart people who bury the dead may find it.
Until they buried him. The monument will remain standing there until they bury him. The buriers are the men who are set apart:
"אל גיא" – In the Valley of Hamon Gog they will bury him there, in the place of all the corpses.
Metzudat Zion
"Tzion." A sign and a token, like what is said: "What is this Tzion?" (II Kings 23:17).
Malbim
“And they shall pass,” meaning after seven months, when the travelers passing through make their rounds, and one of them sees a human bone (for there will no longer be any bone with flesh upon it, but only bare bone). And he shall build a memorial beside it so that the place may be recognized, and they shall keep away from coming near it, whether on account of ritual impurity or on account of the plague, for this miracle—that they will not be harmed by the plagues—will last only seven months. Therefore, he shall build a memorial and not touch it until those who bury him have buried him; they shall gather the bones and bury them in the Valley of Hamon Gog.
And Hamonah shall also be the name of a city. Thus shall they cleanse the land.
verse value 1297
Insights
Verse structure: 5 words, 22 letters. The shortest word is "and·also" (וְגַ֥ם, 3 letters) and the longest is "there·excitement" (שֶׁם־עִ֛יר, 5 letters). 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "there·excitement" (שֶׁם־עִ֛יר). 5 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "the·land" (root ארץ, 176x in Ezekiel); "there·excitement" (root עיר, 62x in Ezekiel). Full calculation: וְגַ֥ם [and·also] (49) + שֶׁם־עִ֛יר [there·excitement] (620) + הֲמוֹנָ֖הֿ [Hamonah] (106) + וְטִהֲר֥וּ [and·shall·cleanse] (226) + הָאָֽרֶץ [the·land] (296) = 1297.
Rashi
And also there, the city of Hamonah. And also the city whose name is “a city of tumult” due to its large population—it is a great city; its inhabitants’ strength is also there, and there they shall be buried.
“And they shall purify.” [This teaches that] they shall purify Israel in the land, their purities and their terumot (heave-offerings).
Hamonah. It does not have a mapiq heh, because the final heh serves as the noun "the multitude," just as in the word humyah.
Radak
And there as well is the city called Hamonah. Just as the valley will be called the Valley of Hamon Gog, so too the city adjacent to the valley, or the city of Jerusalem, will be called Hamonah, named after the multitude of Gog who are slain near it. The word Hamonah does not have a mappik heh [i.e., the final heh is silent], and Jonathan rendered the verse thus: "And there too shall be cast the slain of Rome, the city whose throngs are many; and they shall cleanse the land."
Metzudat David
And there too is the city named Hamonah. That is to say: just as that valley will be called the Valley of the Multitude of Gog (Hamon Gog), in commemoration of the fact that it is the place of their burial, so the city adjacent to that valley will be called by the name Hamonah, on account of the multitude (hamon) of Gog who are buried nearby.
“And they shall purify the land.” This means that by this, the entire land will become pure from impurity, for all the impurities will be brought to that place, which is known and famous by the name of the valley and the city adjacent to it, named after the majority of the slain who are buried there.
Malbim
And furthermore, his meaning is that just as the valley will be called the Valley of the Great Multitude of Gog, so too the city in which they pitched their tents, being close to the valley, will be called the City of the Great Multitude of Gog, in remembrance that it was there that they were, there that the miracle occurred, and there that they fell; and to guard against this impure city, which is like the dwelling place of the nations, and thereby they will purify the land.
And you, son of man, thus says the Lord Hashem: Speak to the birds of every sort, and to every beast of the field: Assemble yourselves, and come; gather yourselves on every side to My feast that I do prepare for you, even a great feast, upon the mountains of Israel, that you may eat flesh and drink blood.
verse value 6926
Insights
Verse structure: 29 words, 117 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִ֗ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "upon" (עַ֖ל, 2 letters) and the longest is "to·my·feast" (עַל־זִבְחִ֗י, 6 letters). Words sharing gematria 17: sacrifice, sacrifice. 5 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "to·bird·of" (לְצִפּ֨וֹר), "assemble" (הִקָּבְצ֤וּ), "come·together" (הֵאָסְפ֣וּ). The root זבח appears 3 times in this verse. 26 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "thus·says" (root אמר, 362x in Ezekiel); "which" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'Israel', dividing the verse into phrases of 25 and 4 words.
Radak
"And you, son of man." This passage is clear:
Metzudat David
"To every winged bird." Every creature that has wings:
"My sacrifice" etc. It is the host of Gog.
Malbim
And you, son of man, make known why, at the end of seven months, no more slain with flesh upon them will be found — because the Lord prepared the beasts and the birds to eat their flesh. And this is what is meant by "Say to every winged creature": Gather together, the scattered ones; let them assemble together. And after they are gathered, let them come together to the place of the slain. For this is the difference between "gather" (kavatz) and "assemble" (asaf), as it is stated (in Isaiah 11): "Upon My sacrifice which I sacrifice for you" — which is a great sacrifice: A. From the nature of the foods, namely, flesh and blood. B. From the quality and goodness of the foods, namely, the flesh of mighty men and the blood of the princes of the land, all of whom are rams, fatlings, etc., and their flesh and blood are good.
The flesh of the mighty shall you eat, and the blood of the princes of the earth shall you drink; rams, lambs, and goats, bullocks, fatlings of Bashan are they all of them.
verse value 4973
Insights
Verse structure: 13 words, 61 letters. The shortest word is "flesh" (בְּשַׂ֤ר, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·blood·of·princes·of" (וְדַם־נְשִׂיאֵ֥י, 8 letters). Words sharing gematria 261: mighty·men, well-fed·of. 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·blood·of·princes·of" (וְדַם־נְשִׂיאֵ֥י), "well-fed·of" (מְרִיאֵ֥י), "Bashan" (בָשָׁ֖ן). 13 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "rams" (root איל, 238x in Ezekiel); "the·land" (root ארץ, 176x in Ezekiel); "all·of·them" (root כל, 129x in Ezekiel). First appearance of the root פר ("bulls") in Ezekiel. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'you·will·drink', dividing the verse into phrases of 6 and 7 words. Full calculation: בְּשַׂ֤ר [flesh] (502) + גִּבּוֹרִים֙ [mighty·men] (261) + תֹּאכֵ֔לוּ [you·shall·eat] (457) + וְדַם־נְשִׂיאֵ֥י [and·blood·of·princes·of] (421) + הָאָ֖רֶץ [the·land] (296) + תִּשְׁתּ֑וּ [you·will·drink] (1106) + אֵילִ֨ים [rams] (91) + כָּרִ֤ים [lambs] (270) + וְעַתּוּדִים֙ [and·goats] (536) + פָּרִ֔ים [bulls] (330) + מְרִיאֵ֥י [well-fed·of] (261) + בָשָׁ֖ן [Bashan] (352) + כֻּלָּֽם [all·of·them] (90) = 4973.
Rashi
“Rams” – rams, lambs, he-goats, and bulls. Kings and dukes, rulers and princes.
"Mari'ei bashen." A fattened ox is called "almari" in Arabic.
Radak
“Flesh of mighty men, rams, lambs, he-goats, bulls, and fatlings of Bashan.” This is an allegory for the great ones, and the one who calls them to eat is between the slaughter and the burial.
Metzudat David
"Alim kerim, etc." – This means: excellent and fat, like rams and like fattened animals, etc. This is a matter of rhetorical expression.
Metzudat Zion
“Rams.” Fat sheep:
And the he-goats. They are the male goats from among the goats:
“From the fatlings of Bashan.” The meaning of “fatlings” and “fat” is similar to [the phrase] “and your fat offerings” (Amos 5:22). And “Bashan” is a place of lush pasture, as it is stated, “the cows of Bashan” (ibid. 4:1). And the verse means that they were fattened and enriched through the pastures of Bashan.
And you shall eat fat till you be full, and drink blood till you be drunken, of My feast which I have prepared for you.
verse value 3835
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 44 letters. Verse gematria: 3835 is divisible by 13, the value of echad ('one') and ahavah ('love'). The shortest word is "blood" (דָּ֖ם, 2 letters) and the longest is "and·you·shall·eat·fat" (וַאֲכַלְתֶּם־חֵ֣לֶב, 9 letters). 5 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·you·shall·eat·fat" (וַאֲכַלְתֶּם־חֵ֣לֶב), "seven" (לְשׇׂבְעָ֔ה), "to·drunkenness" (לְשִׁכָּר֑וֹן). 7 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "which·I·have·prepared" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "and·you·shall·eat·fat" (root אכל, 57x in Ezekiel); "blood" (root דם, 45x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'to·drunkenness', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 3 words. Full calculation: וַאֲכַלְתֶּם־חֵ֣לֶב [and·you·shall·eat·fat] (537) + לְשׇׂבְעָ֔ה [seven] (407) + וּשְׁתִ֥יתֶם [and·you·shall·drink] (1156) + דָּ֖ם [blood] (44) + לְשִׁכָּר֑וֹן [to·drunkenness] (606) + מִזִּבְחִ֖י [from·my·sacrifice] (67) + אֲשֶׁר־זָבַ֥חְתִּי [which·I·have·prepared] (928) + לָכֶֽם [for·you] (90) = 3835.
Radak
"And you shall eat." It is clear:
Metzudat David
“Satiated.” to be satiated from it:
"לשכרון" – this means that there will be enough and more than what is needed, to the point of intoxication, and the language employs a metaphorical expression, as if it were wine that intoxicates.
Malbim
3. The quantity of food: the fat is that which suffices for satiation, and the blood is that which suffices for intoxication.
And you shall be filled at My table with horses and horsemen, with mighty men, and with all men of war, says the Lord Hashem.
verse value 2553
Insights
Verse structure: 10 words, 46 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִֽה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "horse" (ס֣וּס, 3 letters) and the longest is "at·my·table" (עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִי֙, 7 letters). 6 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·you·will·be·satisfied" (וּשְׂבַעְתֶּ֤ם), "at·my·table" (עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִי֙), "horse" (ס֣וּס). 10 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel); "and·all·man" (root איש, 84x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'battle', dividing the verse into phrases of 7 and 3 words. Full calculation: וּשְׂבַעְתֶּ֤ם [and·you·will·be·satisfied] (818) + עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִי֙ [at·my·table] (498) + ס֣וּס [horse] (126) + וָרֶ֔כֶב [chariot] (228) + גִּבּ֖וֹר [mighty·man] (211) + וְכׇל־אִ֣ישׁ [and·all·man] (367) + מִלְחָמָ֑ה [battle] (123) + נְאֻ֖ם [utterance] (91) + אֲדֹנָ֥י [my·lord] (65) + יֱהֹוִֽה [Hashem] (26) = 2553.
Radak
"And you shall eat your fill." It is clear:
Metzudat David
“Horse and chariot.” This means that the birds and beasts will be sated from the horses that fall in battle, from their riders, and from the assembly of mighty men and every man of war; and the doubling of the expression is in the manner of rhetorical style.
Malbim
“And you shall be sated at my table”—even after the meal, the table shall remain set and ready. Furthermore, you will find horses, chariots, and all kinds of food, from the surplus of the fallen slain.
And I will set My glory among the nations, and all the nations shall see My judgment that I have executed, and My hand that I have laid upon them.
verse value 5557
Insights
Verse structure: 11 words, 59 letters. The shortest word is "that" (אֲשֶׁ֣ר, 3 letters) and the longest is "my·glory" (אֶת־כְּבוֹדִ֖י, 7 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "my·glory" (אֶת־כְּבוֹדִ֖י), "all·the·nations" (כׇל־הַגּוֹיִ֗ם), "and·my·hand" (וְאֶת־יָדִ֖י). The root גוי appears 2 times in this verse. 9 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "that" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "I·did" (root עשה, 214x in Ezekiel); "and·I·will·give" (root נתן, 207x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'among·the·nations', dividing the verse into phrases of 3 and 8 words. Full calculation: וְנָתַתִּ֥י [and·I·will·give] (866) + אֶת־כְּבוֹדִ֖י [my·glory] (443) + בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם [among·the·nations] (61) + וְרָא֣וּ [and·they·shall·see] (213) + כׇל־הַגּוֹיִ֗ם [all·the·nations] (114) + אֶת־מִשְׁפָּטִי֙ [my·judgment] (840) + אֲשֶׁ֣ר [that] (501) + עָשִׂ֔יתִי [I·did] (790) + וְאֶת־יָדִ֖י [and·my·hand] (431) + אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֥מְתִּי [that·I·laid] (1251) + בָהֶֽם [upon·them] (47) = 5557.
Rashi
"My judgments." My punishment: justicia, in the vernacular.
Radak
And I will give. It is clear:
Metzudat David
And I will set My glory. Then I will make My glory known among the nations, and they will see the judgment of vengeance that I executed upon them, the blow of My hand which I laid upon them.
Malbim
“And I will set” — besides this, I will place My glory among the nations, as it is stated (Isaiah 66:19): “And I will set a sign among them, and I will send forth survivors of them to the nations... and they shall see My glory among the nations.” And it explains that this will occur: 1. Because the nations will see My judgments, that I punished them for their sins in the very place where they sinned, measure for measure; 2. And “My hand,” meaning My strength, for the punishment will be in a miraculous manner, and they will see the hand of the Lord, that it is mighty.
So the house of Israel shall know that I am Hashem their God, from that day and forward.
verse value 1472
Insights
Verse structure: 10 words, 43 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֖ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "that" (כִּ֛י, 2 letters) and the longest is "their·God" (אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֑ם, 6 letters). 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "from·the·day" (מִן־הַיּ֥וֹם). 10 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "I" (root אני, 166x in Ezekiel); "house·of" (root בית, 159x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'their·God', dividing the verse into phrases of 7 and 3 words. Full calculation: וְיָֽדְעוּ֙ [and·they·shall·know] (96) + בֵּ֣ית [house·of] (412) + יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל [Israel] (541) + כִּ֛י [that] (30) + אֲנִ֥י [I] (61) + יְהֹוָ֖ה [Hashem] (26) + אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֑ם [their·God] (91) + מִן־הַיּ֥וֹם [from·the·day] (151) + הַה֖וּא [that] (17) + וָהָֽלְאָה [and·onward] (47) = 1472.
Radak
"And they shall know, from that day and onward." A sign so that a person will not err: in Ezekiel it is written as two words, min hayom ("from the day"), whereas in Samuel it is written as one word, mehayom ("from the day").
Metzudat David
"For I am the Lord their God." He who saves them from the hands of those who rise against them.
From that day. For from then on I will no longer leave them in the hands of the nations; therefore, they knew from then on that I am their God.
Metzudat Zion
And onward. And below:
Malbim
"And they shall know," and from this two matters will follow: 1. To Israel, that from that day onward they shall know that I am the Lord their God, whose divinity is related to them through wondrous and providential guidance.
And the nations shall know that the house of Israel went into captivity for their iniquity, because they broke faith with Me, and I hid My face from them; so I gave them into the hand of their adversaries, and they fell all of them by the sword.
verse value 4293
Insights
Verse structure: 18 words, 75 letters. The shortest word is "that" (כִּ֣י, 2 letters) and the longest is "house·of·Israel" (בֵֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל, 8 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·I·gave·them" (וָֽאֶתְּנֵם֙), "their·adversaries" (צָרֵיהֶ֔ם), "and·they·fell" (וַיִּפְּל֥וּ). 18 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "that" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "because" (root על, 272x in Ezekiel); "and·I·gave·them" (root נתן, 207x in Ezekiel). First appearance of the root סתר ("and·I·hid") in Ezekiel. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'from·them', dividing the verse into phrases of 12 and 6 words.
Rashi
And the nations shall know that it was because of their iniquity that the House of Israel was exiled. When they behold My might, they will recognize that it was not due to a lack of power on My part that I did not intervene for them, but rather because of their iniquity that I hid My face from them, and they were exiled.
Radak
And they shall know, the matter
And they all fell by the sword. The majority of them. And similarly, “And all the land came to Egypt,” and its like.
Metzudat David
“And the nations shall know.” When they see My mighty power, they will know that I did not leave Israel in My land due to a lack of power on My part, but rather that they were exiled because of their iniquities, for they transgressed and denied Me. Therefore, I hid My face from them and gave them into the hands of their enemies, and almost all of them fell by the sword.
Metzudat Zion
They have committed treachery against Me. They have lied and spoken falsely against Me, just as it is written, “He has committed treachery against Him” (Numbers 4). The Targum renders it: “And you have lied against Him with falsehood.”
"All of them." This means the majority of them, for the majority is considered as if it were all.
Malbim
2. “And the nations shall know” – Initially, the desecration of God’s Name occurred because of the exile, as they said, “A people of the Lord God, and from His land they went forth.” Now, however, they shall know that they were exiled due to their sins, for because they transgressed against Me, “therefore I hid My face from them.”
1. The desecration of God’s Name lay in the exile itself, in that they were sold many times for slaughter and killing, and God did not save them. Now they shall know that the reason they were given into the hands of their enemies and all fell by the sword, through the persecutions and decrees that occurred during the years of the exiles, was because “according to their defilement and their transgressions, so I did to them.” Therefore, “I will hide My face from them” during the years of the exiles. Had it not been for the transgression, they would not have been exiled; and had it not been for the sins, He would not have hidden His face even during the years of the exiles.
According to their uncleanness and according to their transgressions did I to them; and I hid My face from them.
verse value 3164
Insights
Verse structure: 7 words, 33 letters. The shortest word is "them" (אֹתָ֑ם, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·as·their·transgressions" (וּכְפִשְׁעֵיהֶ֖ם, 8 letters). 2 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "as·their·impurity" (כְּטֻמְאָתָ֥ם), "and·as·their·transgressions" (וּכְפִשְׁעֵיהֶ֖ם). 7 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "I·did" (root עשה, 214x in Ezekiel); "from·them" (root הם, 166x in Ezekiel); "my·face" (root פנים, 150x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'them', dividing the verse into phrases of 4 and 3 words. Full calculation: כְּטֻמְאָתָ֥ם [as·their·impurity] (510) + וּכְפִשְׁעֵיהֶ֖ם [and·as·their·transgressions] (531) + עָשִׂ֣יתִי [I·did] (790) + אֹתָ֑ם [them] (441) + וָאַסְתִּ֥ר [and·I·hid] (667) + פָּנַ֖י [my·face] (140) + מֵהֶֽם [from·them] (85) = 3164.
Metzudat David
As their uncleanness. As the recompense for their uncleanness and their transgressions, so I dealt with them, and I hid My face from them, so that I would not see their distress. A person who hides his face from one who is suffering due to his own mouth [i.e., his own words/actions] does so in order that his heart not be moved with pity.
Therefore thus says the Lord Hashem: Now will I bring back the captivity of Jacob, and have compassion upon the whole house of Israel; and I will be jealous for My holy name.
verse value 6266
Insights
Verse structure: 16 words, 66 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִ֔ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. Verse gematria: 6266 is divisible by 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "thus" (כֹּ֤ה, 2 letters) and the longest is "captivity" (אֶת־(שבית), 6 letters). 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "captivity" (אֶת־(שבית)), "captivity" (שְׁב֣וּת), "and·I·will·show·compassion" (וְרִחַמְתִּ֖י). 16 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "said" (root אמר, 362x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'Israel', dividing the verse into phrases of 13 and 3 words.
Rashi
"And I will be jealous for My holy name." And I will don jealousy as a garment of salvation and vengeance, for the sake of My holy name, so that it will no longer be profaned.
"And I will be jealous for My holy name." On account of My holy name, like one who is jealous for Me (Numbers 11:29).
Radak
Therefore. It is clear:
Metzudat David
Therefore. Since they have already received their reward, therefore, thus says...
“The captivity.” The captivity of Jacob’s sons:
"And I will be jealous." I will take vengeance for the vengeance of My holy Name, which the Chaldeans profaned by saying that the hand of the Lord is short.
Metzudat Zion
Shivut. The word is derived from "sh'vi ha-golah," the captivity of the exile.
And I will be jealous. The matter of vengeance, as in "He avenged the vengeance of My jealousy" (ibid. 25):
Malbim
Therefore, thus says the Lord: Regarding the exile, now I will restore the return of Jacob; and regarding the afflictions they endured during the time of the exile, I will have mercy on the House of Israel. Jacob refers to the Ten Tribes, who were merely scattered and did not suffer severe tribulations, and thus require only restoration. Israel refers to the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, who endured many hardships, and thus require mercy. And regarding the fact that there was desecration of the Divine Name, I will be zealous for My holy Name.
And they shall bear their shame, and all their breach of faith which they have committed against Me, when they shall dwell safely in their land, and none shall make them afraid;
verse value 4296
Insights
Verse structure: 10 words, 54 letters. The shortest word is "which" (אֲשֶׁ֣ר, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·all·their·unfaithfulness" (וְאֶת־כׇּל־מַעֲלָ֖ם, 9 letters). 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·they·will·lift" (וְנָשׂוּ֙), "their·shame" (אֶת־כְּלִמָּתָ֔ם), "and·all·their·unfaithfulness" (וְאֶת־כׇּל־מַעֲלָ֖ם). The root מעל appears 2 times in this verse. 9 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "which" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "and·they·will·lift" (root נשא, 76x in Ezekiel); "when·they·dwell" (root ישב, 64x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'they·trespassed·against·me', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 5 words. Full calculation: וְנָשׂוּ֙ [and·they·will·lift] (362) + אֶת־כְּלִמָּתָ֔ם [their·shame] (931) + וְאֶת־כׇּל־מַעֲלָ֖ם [and·all·their·unfaithfulness] (637) + אֲשֶׁ֣ר [which] (501) + מָעֲלוּ־בִ֑י [they·trespassed·against·me] (158) + בְּשִׁבְתָּ֧ם [when·they·dwell] (744) + עַל־אַדְמָתָ֛ם [in·their·land] (585) + לָבֶ֖טַח [to·safety] (49) + וְאֵ֥ין [and·nothing] (67) + מַחֲרִֽיד [one·who·frightens] (262) = 4296.
Rashi
“And they shall bear their shame.” When I do good to them and do not repay them according to their evil, then they shall bear their shame and be ashamed to lift up their faces. Menachem explains: “And they shall bear” is like (Psalms 32:1) “Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven,” meaning atonement.
Radak
“And they shall bear their disgrace.” Just as the verse says, “And they shall bear,” meaning that they shall speak of it and recall the disgrace that was theirs in exile.
“And all their trespasses which they have trespassed against Me.” For on account of the punishment for their sins they were enduring the disgrace of the nations, and when will they remember this while they sit upon their land in security?
Metzudat David
"And they shall bear..." In their sitting... this means that when they sit securely upon their land, without any terror, then they shall bear the disgrace that is fitting for them. And to provide further clarification, it says, "and for all their trespasses." This means all the shame of the trespass that they committed against Me. For one who receives abundant good from someone who had previously done evil to him, when he recalls that evil, he is greatly ashamed of having accepted the good. Therefore, it states that when they receive the good, they will be ashamed because of the trespass that they committed.
Metzudat Zion
And they shall carry. Like "and they shall bear," and it is the language of burden and load-bearing.
Malbim
"And they shall bear": This corresponds to the exile, for they had shame from their exile — "and they shall bear their shame"; and corresponding to what they sinned — "they shall bear their trespass." And it explains (regarding "and they shall bear their shame"): "when they dwell securely on their land" and they shall no longer be exiled.
when I have brought them back from the peoples, and gathered them out of their enemies’lands, and am sanctified in them in the sight of many nations.
verse value 4276
Insights
Verse structure: 12 words, 61 letters. The shortest word is "in·them" (בָ֔ם, 2 letters) and the longest is "from·the·peoples" (מִן־הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים, 7 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "when·I·bring·back" (בְּשׁוֹבְבִ֤י), "from·lands·of" (מֵאַרְצ֖וֹת), "enemy" (אֹיְבֵיהֶ֑ם). 11 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "from·lands·of" (root ארץ, 176x in Ezekiel); "the·nations" (root גוי, 87x in Ezekiel); "to·eyes·of" (root עין, 73x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'enemy', dividing the verse into phrases of 7 and 5 words. Full calculation: בְּשׁוֹבְבִ֤י [when·I·bring·back] (322) + אוֹתָם֙ [them] (447) + מִן־הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים [from·the·peoples] (255) + וְקִבַּצְתִּ֣י [and·I·will·gather] (608) + אֹתָ֔ם [them] (441) + מֵאַרְצ֖וֹת [from·lands·of] (737) + אֹיְבֵיהֶ֑ם [enemy] (68) + וְנִקְדַּ֣שְׁתִּי [and·I·will·be·sanctified] (870) + בָ֔ם [in·them] (42) + לְעֵינֵ֖י [to·eyes·of] (170) + הַגּוֹיִ֥ם [the·nations] (64) + רַבִּֽים [many] (252) = 4276.
Radak
“‘When I bring them back from the nations’—at the time when I will return them from the nations to their land. And similarly, “‘to bring Jacob back to Him’” refers to the matter of restoration.
Before the eyes of many nations. [The noun takes] the definite article while its adjective lacks it, as in “surei ha-gefen nokhriyah” (the degenerate vine, foreign — Jeremiah 2:21) and “et ha-agalah chadashah” (the cart, new), and cases similar to them.
Metzudat David
“When I bring them back.” At the time that I will restore them to their land from among the Chaldeans.
"And I will be sanctified through them." Through the salvation that I will perform for them, I will be sanctified in the eyes of the Babylonians, for they will no longer profane My name by saying, "He was unable to save them."
Metzudat Zion
“Shovavim.” From the language of return:
Malbim
(“And corresponding to their trespass”) He said: “When I bring them back from among the nations” (who were not scattered among them), and I will gather them from the lands to which they had been dispersed from among the nations, and they require gathering, as it is stated many times: “And I will be sanctified through them in the sight of many nations,” for the Lord will be sanctified by their good deeds and by the miracles He will perform for them, and thereby they will forget their transgressions.
And they shall know that I am Hashem their God, in that I caused them to go into captivity among the nations, and have gathered them to their own land; and I will leave none of them any more there;
verse value 3626
Insights
Verse structure: 14 words, 67 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָה֙) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "that" (כִּ֣י, 2 letters) and the longest is "and·not·I·will·leave" (וְלֹא־אוֹתִ֥יר, 8 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "when·I·exiled·them" (בְּהַגְלוֹתִ֤י), "and·I·will·gather·them" (וְכִנַּסְתִּ֖ים), "and·not·I·will·leave" (וְלֹא־אוֹתִ֥יר). 14 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "to·the·nations" (root איל, 238x in Ezekiel); "I" (root אני, 166x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'to·their·land', dividing the verse into phrases of 10 and 4 words. Full calculation: וְיָדְע֗וּ [and·they·shall·know] (96) + כִּ֣י [that] (30) + אֲנִ֤י [I] (61) + יְהֹוָה֙ [Hashem] (26) + אֱלֹ֣הֵיהֶ֔ם [their·God] (91) + בְּהַגְלוֹתִ֤י [when·I·exiled·them] (456) + אֹתָם֙ [them] (441) + אֶל־הַגּוֹיִ֔ם [to·the·nations] (95) + וְכִנַּסְתִּ֖ים [and·I·will·gather·them] (586) + עַל־אַדְמָתָ֑ם [to·their·land] (585) + וְלֹא־אוֹתִ֥יר [and·not·I·will·leave] (654) + ע֛וֹד [anymore] (80) + מֵהֶ֖ם [from·them] (85) + שָֽׁם [there] (340) = 3626.
Rashi
And I will not leave even one of them in exile:
Radak
And they shall know. It is explained:
Metzudat David
"And they shall know..." — Then they will understand that I, the Lord, am He who guides them and rules over them.
“By My exiling them” – This means: By the fact that I exiled them among the nations and they found no rest, even though their strength was great, and by the fact that I will bring all of them back to their land and will not leave any of them in the land of the enemy, nor will the enemy be able to hold onto them, from this they will recognize and know that I am the Lord their God, who guides them and rules over them.
Metzudat Zion
"U'knasotam." The word is in the form of "haknasah" (insertion).
Malbim
"And they shall know," and then they will recognize that even when I exiled them among the nations, I was the Lord their God, and the exile was not for evil but for good, under My particular providence. For the redemption of Cyrus was not a true redemption, nor was it the time of the hoped-for rectification, and it had four deficiencies: 1. They went by the will of Cyrus, whereas [in the future redemption] "I will bring them to their land by Myself"; 2. At that time, not all returned to the Land of Israel, whereas [in the future] "I will leave none of them remaining there."
neither will I hide My face any more from them; for I have poured out My spirit upon the house of Israel, says the Lord Hashem.’
verse value 4184
Insights
Verse structure: 12 words, 52 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יֱהֹוִֽה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "anymore" (ע֛וֹד, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·not·I·will·hide" (וְלֹא־אַסְתִּ֥יר, 8 letters). 2 words in this verse appear nowhere else in Ezekiel. Unique to this verse in Ezekiel (hapax): "and·not·I·will·hide" (וְלֹא־אַסְתִּ֥יר), "my·spirit" (אֶת־רוּחִי֙). 12 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 427x in Ezekiel); "for" (root אשר, 341x in Ezekiel); "my·lord" (root אדון, 222x in Ezekiel). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'from·them', dividing the verse into phrases of 4 and 8 words. Full calculation: וְלֹא־אַסְתִּ֥יר [and·not·I·will·hide] (708) + ע֛וֹד [anymore] (80) + פָּנַ֖י [my·face] (140) + מֵהֶ֑ם [from·them] (85) + אֲשֶׁ֨ר [for] (501) + שָׁפַ֤כְתִּי [I·poured] (810) + אֶת־רוּחִי֙ [my·spirit] (625) + עַל־בֵּ֣ית [upon·house·of] (512) + יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל [Israel] (541) + נְאֻ֖ם [utterance] (91) + אֲדֹנָ֥י [my·lord] (65) + יֱהֹוִֽה [Hashem] (26) = 4184.
Radak
And I will not conceal. It is clear:
Metzudat David
"And I will not hide." He employs a parable: Consider a person; if one does not wish to fulfill his request, from whom does he hide his face, so that he may not see him? And from whom does he not hide his face—from one who wishes to fulfill his request.
"Asher" – meaning: "That which" – I will do for them: I will pour out My spirit of prophecy upon them, so that they may straighten their ways and become worthy to receive the abundance of good which they will ask for.
Malbim
3. For then He hid His face from them at every instance, just as in the days of the Greeks and the Romans; but then I will not hide My face. 4. For then He takes from them the Holy Spirit and prophecy, as it is stated, "Five things were lacking in the Second Temple"; but then, "when I pour out My Spirit upon the House of Israel," the Holy Spirit and prophecy will return to them. (Regarding the existing questions according to the opinion of the commentators concerning the shape of the Temple, see at the end of the book.) In the twenty-fifth year of our exile, which is the exile of Jehoiachin, who was exiled eleven years before the destruction, and according to this, the time when this prophecy was revealed to him was fourteen years after the city had been struck, and then it was the Jubilee year (for the previous Jubilee was in the seventeenth year of Josiah, when the Book was found in the House of the Lord, which was thirty-six years before the destruction). Therefore it says "Rosh Hashanah, on the tenth of the month," for it cannot be imagined that Rosh Hashanah would fall on the tenth of the month except in the Jubilee year, when on Yom Kippur the shofar is blown and the slaves go out to freedom. [Note: Know that this calculation does not work according to Rabbi Yehuda, who holds in Nedarim (page 61) that the fiftieth year counts toward the [next] sabbatical cycle, and according to him, the Jubilee fell seventeen years earlier. However, Rabbi Yehuda, according to his approach, in any case cannot hold that Rosh Hashanah is on the tenth of the month, for he holds in Sifra (Behar, Chapter 2) that the Jubilee year is sanctified from its beginning, and this calculation is according to Rabbi Yosi in Arakhin (page 18) and in Seder Olam, and it is according to his approach that he holds that the blowing [of the shofar] is indispensable, as stated in Sifra (there, Mishnah 4) and in Rosh Hashanah (page 9), and according to him, slaves were not released to their homes until Yom Kippur, as stated in Sefer HaTorah VeHaMitzvah (ibid., section 18). And for Rabbi Yehuda, it remains to be explained what is meant by "at Rosh Hashanah," namely, at the beginning of the year, and the language was not used precisely. End of note.] The hand of the Lord was upon me. I have explained elsewhere that "the hand of the Lord" indicates that He moves the prophet to lofty matters and great visions, and He brought me there, meaning to the city that had been struck.
Metzudat David
Malbim