Jehoram kills his six brothers with the sword to secure the throne, 'and he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, as did the house of Ahab; for he had the daughter of Ahab to wife.' Edom revolts; Libnah revolts; a writing comes to him from Elijah the prophet promising a great plague; Philistines and Arabians strip his house; and his bowels fall out by reason of his sickness. The burial notice is the coldest in the Hebrew Bible: 'he departed joyless; and they buried him in the city of David, but not in the sepulchres of the kings.'
Tap any Hebrew word to reveal its root, value, and meanings.
And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David; and Jehoram his son reigned in his stead.
verse value 3679
Insights
Verse structure: 11 words, 56 letters. Verse gematria: 3679 is divisible by 13, the value of echad ('one') and ahavah ('love'). The shortest word is "his·son" (בְּנ֖וֹ, 3 letters) and the longest is "with·his·fathers" (עִם־אֲבֹתָ֔יו, 7 letters). Words sharing gematria 529: with·his·fathers, with·his·fathers. The root אב appears 2 times in this verse. 10 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "and·he·reigned" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "his·son" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "with·his·fathers" (root אב, 114x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'David', dividing the verse into phrases of 7 and 4 words. Full calculation: וַיִּשְׁכַּ֤ב [and·he·slept] (338) + יְהוֹשָׁפָט֙ [Jehoshaphat] (410) + עִם־אֲבֹתָ֔יו [with·his·fathers] (529) + וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר [and·he·was·buried] (318) + עִם־אֲבֹתָ֖יו [with·his·fathers] (529) + בְּעִ֣יר [in·city·of] (282) + דָּוִ֑יד [David] (24) + וַיִּמְלֹ֛ךְ [and·he·reigned] (106) + יְהוֹרָ֥ם [Jehoram] (261) + בְּנ֖וֹ [his·son] (58) + תַּחְתָּֽיו [in·his·stead] (824) = 3679.
And he had brethren the sons of Jehoshaphat, Azariah, and Jehiel, and Zechariah, and Azariahu, and Michael, and Shephatiah; all these were the sons of Jehoshaphat king of Israel.
verse value 3200
Insights
Verse structure: 13 words, 76 letters. Notable word values: "all·these" (כׇּל־אֵ֕לֶּה) = 86, equal to Elohim. Verse gematria: 3200 is divisible by 50, the years to the Jubilee (yovel). The shortest word is "sons·of" (בְּנֵ֣י, 3 letters) and the longest is "king·of·Israel" (מֶלֶךְ־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל, 8 letters). Words sharing gematria 410: Jehoshaphat, Jehoshaphat. 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·to·him·brothers" (וְלוֹ־אַחִ֞ים), "Azariah" (עֲזַרְיָ֤ה), "and·Michael" (וּמִיכָאֵ֖ל). The root בן appears 2 times in this verse. 11 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "king·of·Israel" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "sons·of" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "Jehoshaphat" (root יהושפט, 40x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root יחיאל ("and·Jehiel") in II Chronicles. First appearance of the root זכריהו ("and·Zechariah") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'and·Shephatiah', dividing the verse into phrases of 9 and 4 words. Full calculation: וְלוֹ־אַחִ֞ים [and·to·him·brothers] (101) + בְּנֵ֣י [sons·of] (62) + יְהוֹשָׁפָ֗ט [Jehoshaphat] (410) + עֲזַרְיָ֤ה [Azariah] (292) + וִֽיחִיאֵל֙ [and·Jehiel] (65) + וּזְכַרְיָ֣הוּ [and·Zechariah] (254) + וַעֲזַרְיָ֔הוּ [and·Azariahu] (304) + וּמִיכָאֵ֖ל [and·Michael] (107) + וּשְׁפַטְיָ֑הוּ [and·Shephatiah] (416) + כׇּל־אֵ֕לֶּה [all·these] (86) + בְּנֵ֖י [sons·of] (62) + יְהוֹשָׁפָ֥ט [Jehoshaphat] (410) + מֶלֶךְ־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל [king·of·Israel] (631) = 3200.
And their father gave them great gifts, of silver, and of gold, and of precious things, with fortified cities in Judah; but he gave the kingdom to Jehoram, because he was the first-born.
verse value 5653
Insights
Verse structure: 16 words, 82 letters. The shortest word is "to·them" (לָהֶ֣ם, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·the·kingdom" (וְאֶת־הַמַּמְלָכָ֛ה, 9 letters). 8 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "their·father" (אֲ֠בִיהֶ֠ם), "gifts" (מַתָּנ֨וֹת), "and·of·precious·things" (וּלְמִגְדָּנ֔וֹת). The root נתן appears 2 times in this verse. 15 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "in·Judah" (root יהודה, 129x in II Chronicles); "and·he·gave" (root נתן, 116x in II Chronicles); "their·father" (root אב, 114x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'in·Judah', dividing the verse into phrases of 11 and 5 words.
Metzudat Zion
Great gifts (u'migdanot) - This word denotes something choice and excellent, whether among fruits, garments, or precious stones, as in 'and he gave precious gifts to her brother' (Genesis 24:53). Fortified (metzurot) - An expression denoting a stronghold.
Malbim
And their father gave them great gifts - This was upon his return from Ramoth-gilead, as can be seen in II Kings (1:17), which reckons the reign of Jehoram son of Ahab from the second year of the reign of Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat; and there (ch. 3) it says that this was the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat - showing that he made [his son] king in the seventeenth year of his own reign, as I have written in my commentary to II Kings (8:16).
Now when Jehoram had risen up over the kingdom of his father, and had strengthened himself, he slew all his brethren with the sword, and divers also of the princes of Israel.
verse value 3649
Insights
Verse structure: 11 words, 55 letters. The shortest word is "and·also" (וְגַ֖ם, 3 letters) and the longest is "all·his·brethren" (אֶת־כׇּל־אֶחָ֖יו, 8 letters). 2 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "over·kingdom·of" (עַל־מַמְלֶ֤כֶת), "all·his·brethren" (אֶת־כׇּל־אֶחָ֖יו). 11 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Israel" (root ישראל, 140x in II Chronicles); "his·father" (root אב, 114x in II Chronicles); "from·princes·of" (root שר, 48x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root הרג ("and·he·slew") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'with·the·sword', dividing the verse into phrases of 8 and 3 words. Full calculation: וַיָּ֨קׇם [and·he·rose] (156) + יְהוֹרָ֜ם [Jehoram] (261) + עַל־מַמְלֶ֤כֶת [over·kingdom·of] (630) + אָבִיו֙ [his·father] (19) + וַיִּתְחַזַּ֔ק [and·he·strengthened·himself] (531) + וַיַּהֲרֹ֥ג [and·he·slew] (224) + אֶת־כׇּל־אֶחָ֖יו [all·his·brethren] (476) + בֶּחָ֑רֶב [with·the·sword] (212) + וְגַ֖ם [and·also] (49) + מִשָּׂרֵ֥י [from·princes·of] (550) + יִשְׂרָאֵֽל [Israel] (541) = 3649.
Metzudat David
he slew all his brethren with the sword — so that they would not challenge him for the throne. and divers also of the princes of Israel — those who had sided with his brothers.
Malbim
Now when Jehoram had risen up - This was after the death of Jehoshaphat, when Jehoram had consolidated his rule alone. He then perceived some rebellion among them, and it may be said that they wanted to protest his following in the ways of the house of Ahab - so he killed them, along with the princes of Israel who were with them in the conspiracy.
Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he began to reign; and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.
verse value 3687
Insights
Verse structure: 9 words, 45 letters. The shortest word is "year" (שָׁנָ֖ה, 3 letters) and the longest is "son·of·thirty" (בֶּן־שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים, 7 letters). The root שנה appears 2 times in this verse. 7 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "in·his·reigning" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "son·of·thirty" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "in·Jerusalem" (root ירושלם, 127x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'in·his·reigning', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 4 words. Full calculation: בֶּן־שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים [son·of·thirty] (732) + וּשְׁתַּ֛יִם [and·two] (756) + שָׁנָ֖ה [year] (355) + יְהוֹרָ֣ם [Jehoram] (261) + בְּמׇלְכ֑וֹ [in·his·reigning] (98) + וּשְׁמוֹנֶ֣ה [and·eight] (407) + שָׁנִ֔ים [years] (400) + מָלַ֖ךְ [he·reigned] (90) + בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם [in·Jerusalem] (588) = 3687.
Malbim
Thirty-two years old - Everything stated here through verse 11 is copied from II Kings 8. And in place of what is written there, "but Hashem would not destroy Judah, for the sake of David," Ezra explains that it means He would not destroy the house of David (that is, the kingship descending from Judah), for the sake of the covenant He made with David - his intent is as I explained there [in my commentary on Kings], see there. And regarding what is stated there, "then Libnah revolted," Ezra explains that this was because he had forsaken Hashem, and the people wanted a king who would follow Hashem's Torah, and so they rebelled against him.
And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, as did the house of Ahab; for he had the daughter of Ahab to wife; and he did that which was evil in the sight of Hashem.
verse value 4289
Insights
Verse structure: 17 words, 64 letters. Notable word values: "to·him" (לּ֖וֹ) = 36, double chai. The shortest word is "for" (כִּ֚י, 2 letters) and the longest is "daughter·of·Ahab" (בַּת־אַחְאָ֔ב, 6 letters). 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "daughter·of·Ahab" (בַּת־אַחְאָ֔ב). The root עשה appears 2 times in this verse. 16 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "kings·of" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "as·that" (root אשר, 203x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'wife', dividing the verse into phrases of 13 and 4 words.
However, Hashem would not destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that He had made with David, and as He promised to give a lamp to him and to his children always.
verse value 5796
Insights
Verse structure: 17 words, 74 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֗ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. Verse gematria: 5796 is divisible by 18, the value of chai ('life'). The shortest word is "to·him" (ל֥וֹ, 2 letters) and the longest is "all·the·days" (כׇּל־הַיָּמִֽים, 7 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·not·he·was·willing" (וְלֹא־אָבָ֣ה), "and·as·that" (וְכַאֲשֶׁ֣ר), "a·lamp" (נִ֛יר). The root דוד appears 2 times in this verse. 15 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "and·to·his·sons" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "that" (root אשר, 203x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'to·David', dividing the verse into phrases of 10 and 7 words.
Rashi
a kingdom - Heb. נִיר. Its meaning is a yoke over Israel.
Ralbag
'To give a lamp to him' — “nir” means kingship; or it may be understood as equivalent to “ner” (lamp), meaning that his lamp should not be extinguished — that is, that there should never fail to be a king descended from him.
Metzudat David
However, Hashem would not destroy the house of David — even though they deserved destruction. a lamp — like ner ('lamp'); meaning kingship, for a king gives benefit and light to his people, like a lamp.
Metzudat Zion
Would not (v'lo avah) - Meaning, did not desire [to].
In his days Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah, and made a king over themselves.
verse value 1828
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 38 letters. The shortest word is "he·revolted" (פָּשַׁ֣ע, 3 letters) and the longest is "hand·of·Judah" (יַד־יְהוּדָ֑ה, 7 letters). 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "he·revolted" (פָּשַׁ֣ע). The root מלך appears 2 times in this verse. 7 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "and·they·made·king" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "over·them" (root על, 111x in II Chronicles); "hand·of·Judah" (root יד, 72x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'hand·of·Judah', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 3 words. Full calculation: בְּיָמָיו֙ [in·his·days] (68) + פָּשַׁ֣ע [he·revolted] (450) + אֱד֔וֹם [Edom] (51) + מִתַּ֖חַת [from·under] (848) + יַד־יְהוּדָ֑ה [hand·of·Judah] (44) + וַיַּמְלִ֥יכוּ [and·they·made·king] (122) + עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם [over·them] (155) + מֶֽלֶךְ [king] (90) = 1828.
Rashi
In his days, Edom rebelled, etc. For David had destroyed all the males in Edom, and he appointed governors over them instead of a king, and they paid him tribute, and all the kings of Judah did similarly: they appointed governors who pleased them. And from the days of Joram and thereafter, they [the Edomites] rebelled against the authority of Judah.
Metzudat David
and made a king over themselves — for until then a governor appointed by the kings of Judah had ruled over them.
Then Jehoram passed over with his captains, and all his chariots with him; and he rose up by night, and smote the Edomites that compassed him about, and the captains of the chariots.
verse value 3574
Insights
Verse structure: 15 words, 64 letters. Notable word values: "and·he·smote" (וַיַּ֗ךְ) = 36, double chai. The shortest word is "arising" (קָ֣ם, 2 letters) and the longest is "and·all·the·chariots" (וְכׇל־הָרֶ֖כֶב, 7 letters). Words sharing gematria 75: night, who·surrounded. 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·all·the·chariots" (וְכׇל־הָרֶ֖כֶב), "arising" (קָ֣ם), "night" (לַ֔יְלָה). The root שר appears 2 times in this verse. 13 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "with·him" (root עם, 149x in II Chronicles); "and·he·was" (root היה, 133x in II Chronicles); "with·his·captains" (root שר, 48x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'with·him', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 10 words.
Rashi
who surrounded him He smote those Edomites who surrounded him and supported him to aid him, for it was their custom that when they were victorious in war, they would seize the mighty men and bring them with them lest they join their enemies to aid the Edomites, their countrymen. In this case, he got up at night suddenly and slew them. Our Sages, however, explained “those who surrounded him” as “those near him.”
Ralbag
'And he rose up by night' — meaning, [he struck] the force of Edom that was in revolt against him. Now, the Edomites “that compassed him about” were those who remained with Jehoram, for not all of them had revolted, as we noted in our commentary on the Book of Kings.
Metzudat David
Then Jehoram passed over — into the land of Edom. and he rose up by night — because he lacked the strength to fight them openly by day. that compassed him about — those close to him, for he did not have the strength to press deep into the battle.
So Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah to this day; then Libnah revolted at the same time from under his hand; because he had forsaken Hashem, the God of his fathers.
verse value 4868
Insights
Verse structure: 19 words, 73 letters. The shortest word is "to" (עַ֚ד, 2 letters) and the longest is "hand·of·Judah" (יַד־יְהוּדָ֗ה, 7 letters). Words sharing gematria 848: from·under, from·under. 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·he·revolted" (וַיִּפְשַׁ֨ע), "she·revolted" (תִּפְשַׁ֥ע), "Libnah" (לִבְנָ֛ה). The root פשע appears 2 times in this verse. 16 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "the·God·of" (root אלהים, 202x in II Chronicles); "because" (root כי, 131x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'his·hand', dividing the verse into phrases of 14 and 5 words.
Rashi
And Edom rebelled Was it not already stated above (verse 8): “In his days, Edom rebelled?” But this is the manner of Scripture: because a verse is interposed, and it now wishes to continue with “then Libnah rebelled,” it repeats the [original words] stating, “And Edom rebelled.” then Libnah rebelled It belonged to Judah, and it was situated on the border of Edom, as is written in the Book of Joshua (15:21, 42): “And the outermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah toward the border of Edom.” When they saw that the Edomites rebelled, they too rebelled, for they lived on the border of Edom, and they aided Edom. This is [the meaning of] “then Libnah rebelled.” because he had forsaken the Lord, the God of his forefathers [Scripture] explains what it was that caused them to rebel in his time more than during [the time of] the rest of the kings of Judah who preceded him.
Metzudat David
then… at the same time — at that time Libnah also rebelled; it appears that it was a town of Judah bordering Edom, and it too rebelled against the king of Judah. because he had forsaken Hashem — and this came upon him as punishment.
Moreover he made high places in the mountains of Judah, and made the inhabitants of Jerusalem to go astray, and drew Judah away.
verse value 2966
Insights
Verse structure: 9 words, 48 letters. The shortest word is "in·mountains·of" (בְּהָרֵ֣י, 4 letters) and the longest is "he·made·high·places" (עָשָֽׂה־בָמ֖וֹת, 7 letters). 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "he·made·high·places" (עָשָֽׂה־בָמ֖וֹת), "in·mountains·of" (בְּהָרֵ֣י), "and·he·made·to·go·astray" (וַיֶּ֙זֶן֙). The root יהודה appears 2 times in this verse. 8 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "he·made·high·places" (root עשה, 159x in II Chronicles); "Judah" (root יהודה, 129x in II Chronicles); "Jerusalem" (root ירושלם, 127x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root זנה ("and·he·made·to·go·astray") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'Judah', dividing the verse into phrases of 4 and 5 words. Full calculation: גַּם־ה֥וּא [also·he] (55) + עָשָֽׂה־בָמ֖וֹת [he·made·high·places] (823) + בְּהָרֵ֣י [in·mountains·of] (217) + יְהוּדָ֑ה [Judah] (30) + וַיֶּ֙זֶן֙ [and·he·made·to·go·astray] (73) + אֶת־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י [inhabitants·of] (723) + יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם [Jerusalem] (586) + וַיַּדַּ֖ח [and·he·drew·away] (28) + אֶת־יְהוּדָֽה [Judah] (431) = 2966.
Rashi
and led the inhabitants of Jerusalem astray - Heb. זְנוּת. It is appropriate to use the term harlotry in connection with anyone who forsakes and exchanges the fear of the Holy One, blessed be He, for the idolatry of star and planet worship - for such a person behaves in the manner of a promiscuous woman who commits adultery with others, and similar to this are (Deut. 31:16): “and this people will rise and go astray (וְזָנָה) after the foreign gods of the land”; (Hos. 1:2): “for the land will go astray (זָנה תִזְנֶה), etc.”
Metzudat David
he made high places — for idol worship. and made… to go astray — he incited them to stray after idolatry. and drew Judah away — he drove them away from the service of Hashem.
Malbim
Made... to go astray - Wherever the term "going astray" (a term connoting harlotry) is used regarding the community, it refers to idolatry.
And there came a writing to him from Elijah the prophet, saying: ‘Thus says Hashem, the God of David your father: Because you have not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat your father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah;
verse value 4252
Insights
Verse structure: 21 words, 92 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֗ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "thus" (כֹּ֣ה, 2 letters) and the longest is "king·of·Judah" (מֶלֶךְ־יְהוּדָֽה, 8 letters). Words sharing gematria 33: your·father, your·father. 4 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "writing" (מִכְתָּ֔ב), "from·Elijah" (מֵאֵלִיָּ֥הוּ), "not·you·walked" (לֹֽא־הָלַ֙כְתָּ֙). The root אמר appears 2 times in this verse. 18 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "king·of·Judah" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "that" (root אשר, 203x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root מכתב ("writing") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'saying', dividing the verse into phrases of 6 and 15 words.
Rashi
And a letter came to him from Elijah After he had ascended to heaven, this prophetic letter came to him [i.e., to Joram].
Ralbag
'And there came a writing to him from Elijah the prophet,' etc. — It is fitting to clarify from this that Elijah did not die at the time he was taken up from over the head of Elisha, for the spirit of Elijah did not rest upon Elisha to make him a prophet in his place until after he had been taken from him, as can be seen with a little study of what is stated in the Book of Kings (II Kings 2). It was then that Elisha was anointed as prophet in place of Elijah, just as Hashem, may He be blessed, had told Elijah. This likewise indicates that he [Elisha] could not become a prophet except after Elijah ceased to be a prophet. Since this is so, it is clear that already in the days of Jehoshaphat, Elisha was a prophet, as is stated in the Book of Kings in connection with the war of Jehoram against Mesha king of Moab. Thus it is clear that Elijah had already been taken up from over the head of Elisha in the days of Jehoshaphat. For this reason it is clear that this writing which came from Elijah to Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat, after the death of Jehoshaphat, came after Elijah had already been taken up from over the head of Elisha. Now that this has been established, we shall explain that Elijah was necessarily alive at the time Jehoram killed his brothers — which was after he had been taken up from over the head of Elisha — for if the matter were not established this way, it would necessarily follow that we would have to say that Elijah prophesied this before his death, that matters would unfold thus, and that this very punishment mentioned would come upon him as a result; and this is something that cannot possibly be maintained. For if this were so, the punishment for the sin would be decreed upon a person before he had even sinned, and he would be left with no freedom of choice by which he could escape becoming a sinner — and this contradicts all the foundational principles of the Torah. For if this were so, what then is the meaning of the angel's words to Abraham, ‘Now I know that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only son’ (Genesis 22:12), and his promise that Hashem would bless him because of this? Surely it would have been fitting for Hashem, may He be blessed, to bless him with this very blessing even without testing him with this trial, since He already knew that were He to test him with this trial, he would do just as he did. In general, then, the notion that a prophet could foretell that a certain individual will sin and be punished with such-and-such a punishment undermines the greatest of the foundational principles, both of the Torah and of philosophical inquiry. Therefore we are compelled to acknowledge that Elijah was still alive in the days of Jehoram. And for this reason it has not been made clear to us that Elijah ever died, and because of this we are compelled to acknowledge that the one mentioned at the end of the Book of Malachi is this very Elijah, and that he will have this wondrous extension of life in a miraculous way, as we mentioned in our commentary on the Book of Kings.
Metzudat David
there came a writing to him from Elijah the prophet — a written letter; and even though this was after he [Elijah] had already ascended to heaven in the whirlwind, [Hashem] revealed it to one of the prophets, put these words in his mouth, and commanded him to write it in a document and bring it to him. saying — and in it, it said: ‘Thus says Hashem,’ and so on.
Malbim
A writing... from Elijah - This was after his being taken up [to heaven], and it shows that he is alive and enduring, and reveals himself in this world at times, according to the tradition of our Sages. And since Elijah had prophesied the destruction of the house of Ahab, and Jehoram was Ahab's son-in-law, his prophecy extended to include him as well - that he would be swept up in the downfall of the house of Ahab - just as Ahaziah, who was Ahab's grandson, died together with Joram, son of Ahab. Because - Meaning: do not wonder that Hashem prolonged [the reigns of] the house of Omri and the wicked kings of Israel, while punishing you at once; for you, unlike them, had someone to learn from, and yet you did not walk in the ways of Asa and Jehoshaphat.
but have walked in the way of the kings of Israel, and have made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to go astray, like as the house of Ahab made Israel to go astray; and also have slain your brethren of your father’s house, who were better than yourself;
verse value 6163
Insights
Verse structure: 17 words, 84 letters. The shortest word is "house·of" (בֵּ֣ית, 3 letters) and the longest is "Judah" (אֶת־יְהוּדָה֙, 7 letters). Words sharing gematria 100: kings·of, from·you. 8 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·you·made·to·go·astray" (וַתַּזְנֶ֤ה), "and·inhabitants·of" (וְאֶת־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י), "like·causing·to·go·astray·of" (כְּהַזְנ֖וֹת). The root זנה appears 2 times in this verse. 15 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "kings·of" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "house·of" (root בית, 191x in II Chronicles); "Israel" (root ישראל, 140x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'Ahab', dividing the verse into phrases of 11 and 6 words.
Metzudat David
like as the house of Ahab made Israel to go astray — just as they strayed after idolatry.
Malbim
But have walked in the way of the kings of Israel - This is the second [charge]: that you led Judah - who had been righteous until now - astray. The third: that you killed your brothers, because they protested against you over your evil conduct.
behold, Hashem will smite with a great plague your people, and your children, and your wives, and all your substance;
verse value 1609
Insights
Verse structure: 9 words, 44 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֗ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "behold" (הִנֵּ֣ה, 3 letters) and the longest is "and·in·all·your·property" (וּבְכׇל־רְכוּשֶֽׁךָ, 9 letters). 5 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "plague" (מַגֵּפָ֥ה), "in·your·people" (בְּעַמֶּ֑ךָ), "and·in·your·children" (וּבְבָנֶ֥יךָ). 9 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "and·in·your·children" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "in·your·people" (root עם, 149x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'in·your·people', dividing the verse into phrases of 6 and 3 words. Full calculation: הִנֵּ֣ה [behold] (60) + יְהֹוָ֗ה [Hashem] (26) + נֹגֵ֛ף [smiting] (133) + מַגֵּפָ֥ה [plague] (128) + גְדוֹלָ֖ה [great] (48) + בְּעַמֶּ֑ךָ [in·your·people] (132) + וּבְבָנֶ֥יךָ [and·in·your·children] (90) + וּבְנָשֶׁ֖יךָ [and·in·your·wives] (388) + וּבְכׇל־רְכוּשֶֽׁךָ [and·in·all·your·property] (604) = 1609.
Malbim
Behold - He prophesies two calamities upon him: first, the sword upon his household; second, illnesses upon him. Many illnesses - different from one another; and the last illness will be a disease of the bowels. And [he would] not [die] like the righteous, who also die of a bowel ailment [quickly], but rather a degrading death, in which his bowels would come out from time to time.
and you shall have great sickness by disease of your bowels, until your bowels fall out by reason of the sickness, day by day.’
verse value 1753
Insights
Verse structure: 10 words, 49 letters. The shortest word is "and·you" (וְאַתָּ֛ה, 4 letters) and the longest is "in·sicknesses" (בׇּחֳלָיִ֥ים, 6 letters). Words sharing gematria 140: your·bowels, your·bowels. 5 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "in·sicknesses" (בׇּחֳלָיִ֥ים), "in·disease·of" (בְּמַחֲלֵ֣ה), "until·they·shall·go·out" (עַד־יֵצְא֤וּ). The root חלי appears 2 times in this verse. 7 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "days" (root יום, 71x in II Chronicles); "many" (root רב, 53x in II Chronicles); "until·they·shall·go·out" (root יצא, 50x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root מעה ("your·bowels") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'your·bowels', dividing the verse into phrases of 5 and 5 words. Full calculation: וְאַתָּ֛ה [and·you] (412) + בׇּחֳלָיִ֥ים [in·sicknesses] (100) + רַבִּ֖ים [many] (252) + בְּמַחֲלֵ֣ה [in·disease·of] (85) + מֵעֶ֑יךָ [your·bowels] (140) + עַד־יֵצְא֤וּ [until·they·shall·go·out] (181) + מֵעֶ֙יךָ֙ [your·bowels] (140) + מִן־הַחֹ֔לִי [from·the·sickness] (143) + יָמִ֖ים [days] (100) + עַל־יָמִֽים [upon·days] (200) = 1753.
Ralbag
'day by day' — meaning, two more “days” [i.e., years] added onto the first year; for Scripture uses the term “days” (yamim) to mean a full year, as in, ‘yamim [a full year] shall be its right of redemption’ (Leviticus 25:29).
Metzudat David
and you shall have great sickness — you will suffer many illnesses. day by day — every single day.
And Hashem stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines, and of the Arabians that are beside the Ethiopians;
verse value 3477
Insights
Verse structure: 10 words, 46 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֜ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "spirit·of" (ר֤וּחַ, 3 letters) and the longest is "against·Jehoram" (עַל־יְהוֹרָ֗ם, 7 letters). 5 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·he·stirred·up" (וַיָּ֨עַר), "against·Jehoram" (עַל־יְהוֹרָ֗ם), "the·Philistines" (הַפְּלִשְׁתִּים֙). 10 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "that" (root אשר, 203x in II Chronicles); "upon·hand·of" (root יד, 72x in II Chronicles).
Metzudat David
that are beside the Ethiopians — those who dwell near the land of Cush.
Metzudat Zion
Stirred up (vaya'ar) - An expression of arousal. The spirit (ruach) - An expression of will, as in 'Behold, I will put a spirit in him' (II Kings 19).
Malbim
And Hashem stirred up - The punishment of the sword was fulfilled: Hashem stirred up the spirit of the Philistines and the Arabians, who had been bringing tribute to Jehoshaphat (as above, 17:11). Corresponding to "your people" - they invaded Judah; corresponding to "all your substance" - they carried off all his property; and corresponding to "your children and your wives" - his sons and his wives were taken as well.
and they came up against Judah, and broke into it, and carried away all the substance that was found in the king’s house, and his sons also, and his wives; so that there was never a son left him, save Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons.
verse value 3882
Insights
Verse structure: 17 words, 85 letters. The shortest word is "son" (בֵּ֔ן, 2 letters) and the longest is "to·house·of·the·king" (לְבֵית־הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ, 8 letters). 9 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "and·they·split·it" (וַיִּבְקָע֔וּהָ), "all·the·property" (כׇּל־הָרְכוּשׁ֙), "to·house·of·the·king" (לְבֵית־הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ). The root בן appears 3 times in this verse. 15 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "and·also·his·sons" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "to·house·of·the·king" (root בית, 191x in II Chronicles); "but" (root כי, 131x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root בקע ("and·they·split·it") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'and·his·wives', dividing the verse into phrases of 10 and 7 words.
Rashi
and split it - Heb. וַיִִּבְקָעוּהָ, like (Isa. 7:6): “Let us go up to Judah and provoke it and breach its walls וְנַבְקִעֶנָה and so, (II Kings 3:26): “to break a way (לְהַבְקִיעַ)o the king of Edom.”
Ralbag
'So that there was never a son left him, save Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons' — Here Hashem, may He be blessed, measured out to him measure for measure: he had killed all his brothers, and so his own sons were killed, with only one of them left remaining — just as he himself had left only a single son of Jehoshaphat's, namely Jehoram himself.
Metzudat David
and broke into it — they breached the city wall and climbed up into it. Jehoahaz — this is Ahaziah, with the letters transposed.
And after all this Hashem smote him in his bowels with an incurable disease.
verse value 1466
Insights
Verse structure: 8 words, 35 letters. Notable word values: "Hashem" (יְהֹוָ֧ה) = 26, the value of the divine name Hashem. The shortest word is "he·smote·him" (נְגָפ֨וֹ, 4 letters) and the longest is "and·after" (וְאַחֲרֵ֖י, 5 letters). 3 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "he·smote·him" (נְגָפ֨וֹ), "in·his·bowels" (בְּמֵעָ֛יו), "to·sickness" (לׇחֳלִ֖י). 8 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "Hashem" (root יהוה, 384x in II Chronicles); "and·after" (root אחר, 40x in II Chronicles); "to·there·is·not" (root אין, 25x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'all·this', dividing the verse into phrases of 2 and 6 words. Full calculation: וְאַחֲרֵ֖י [and·after] (225) + כׇּל־זֹ֑את [all·this] (458) + נְגָפ֨וֹ [he·smote·him] (139) + יְהֹוָ֧ה [Hashem] (26) + בְּמֵעָ֛יו [in·his·bowels] (128) + לׇחֳלִ֖י [to·sickness] (78) + לְאֵ֥ין [to·there·is·not] (91) + מַרְפֵּֽא [healing] (321) = 1466.
Metzudat David
with an incurable disease — a mortal illness for which no cure could be found, even temporarily.
Malbim
And after all this - The second punishment was fulfilled. And as for what is stated [further], "and it happened, as time went on" - the meaning is that he had a fixed cycle, a set interval for the discharge of his bowels, and this interval kept growing shorter: at first the cycle was thirty days apart, then twenty-nine days apart, and so on, always a day less, until in the end his bowels would discharge every two days. Then, when the appointed time came, at the completion of two years, his bowels came out along with his sickness, and he died - meaning, when the end arrived and the cycle had at last shortened to a two-day interval, his bowels came out completely, [and he died]. And he died of many diseases - for at that time all his illnesses became active at once, and he died a degrading death.
And it came to pass, that in process of time, at the end of two years, his bowels fell out by reason of his sickness, and he died of sore diseases. And his people made no burning for him, like the burning of his fathers.
verse value 6246
Insights
Verse structure: 20 words, 87 letters. Notable word values: "for·him" (ל֥וֹ) = 36, double chai. Verse gematria: 6246 is divisible by 18, the value of chai ('life'). The shortest word is "for·him" (ל֥וֹ, 2 letters) and the longest is "in·diseases" (בְּתַחֲלֻאִ֣ים, 7 letters). Words sharing gematria 491: going·out·of, in·diseases. 9 words in this verse appear nowhere else in II Chronicles. Unique to this verse in II Chronicles (hapax): "from·days" (מִיָּמִ֡ים), "and·like·time·of" (וּכְעֵת֩), "going·out·of" (צֵ֨את). The root יום appears 3 times in this verse. 16 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "and·not·they·made" (root עשה, 159x in II Chronicles); "his·people" (root עם, 149x in II Chronicles); "and·it·came·to·pass" (root היה, 133x in II Chronicles). The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'evil', dividing the verse into phrases of 14 and 6 words.
Rashi
and at the end the end that the prophet had foretold him of. and his people did not make him a burning even though he required that burning because he had been ailing with malignant illnesses, and his flesh reeked. The Holy One, blessed be He, did not wish to honor him by making a burning for him, and he was also not buried in the graves of the kings.
Ralbag
'And it came to pass, that in process of time' — meaning, this occurred in the course of the second year.
Metzudat David
in process of time — that illness afflicted him continuously, from the beginning of the year to its end, without let-up. at the end of two years — and when the time came for the two years to run their course, in the agony of his illness his innards came out completely. and he died of sore diseases — after he had suffered severe illnesses, he died. And his people made no burning for him — they did not burn his bed and belongings for him, as was the custom for kings.
He was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem eight years; and he departed joyless; and they buried him in the city of David, but not in the sepulchres of the kings.
verse value 4774
Insights
Verse structure: 17 words, 81 letters. The shortest word is "he·was" (הָיָ֣ה, 3 letters) and the longest is "son·of·thirty" (בֶּן־שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים, 7 letters). The root מלך appears 3 times in this verse. 13 unique roots are used. Frequent roots: "in·his·reigning" (root מלך, 344x in II Chronicles); "son·of·thirty" (root בן, 225x in II Chronicles); "he·was" (root היה, 133x in II Chronicles). First appearance of the root חמדה ("desire") in II Chronicles. The etnachta (major mid-verse pause) falls on 'in·Jerusalem', dividing the verse into phrases of 8 and 9 words.
Rashi
and he departed joyless The meaning is: all his life he was in distress and in illnesses, and with him was fulfilled (Deut. 30:15): “See, I have set before you today life, etc.” and (Job 14:1) “short of days and full of fear.”
Metzudat David
and he departed — he left this world without ever attaining his desire, for all the days of his life he never had contentment, since he was tormented and afflicted.
Malbim
He was thirty-two years old - This was already stated in verse 5, but here it comes for a precise purpose. There [in verse 5], the precision was needed because Jehoshaphat had made his son Jehoram co-regent seven years before his own death - as Rashi writes on II Kings (1:17) - and Jehoram was twenty-five years old at that time; so [verse 5] comes to teach that his reign is counted only from when he was thirty-two, that is, from after Jehoshaphat's death. And here [in verse 20], it comes to tell us that his reign ended in his fortieth year, at which time Ahaziah began to reign, as will be explained below, at verse 2 of the next chapter.
Metzudat Zion
Malbim